Liquefied petroleum gas

Liquefied petroleum gas Direct Flame Production of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) From Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Abstract Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a common household fuel used for cooking purpose in India. LPG is very rich in its carbon content because of its specific mixing components of predominantly C3 alkane (Propane C3H8) or C4 alkane (Butane C4H10) which provides a better chance of producing strong and good quality nano products like nanotubes, nanotubes nanowires, nanoparticles etc. In our laboratory a lab scale flame reactor is designed and developed for producing carbon nanotubes using LPG as the carbon source in the presence of air as an oxidant under atmospheric conditions. The design aspects and the best operational conditions of the flame reactor for producing carbon nanotubes are discussed. The nanotubes obtained were purified and were further characterized using SEM, TEM XRD and Raman. KEYWORDS: Carbon Nanotubes (carbon); TEM (Transmission electron microscopy); LPG (alkanes); Raman (Raman spectroscopy); XRD; Flame Synthesis; 1. Introduction Liquified petroleum gas (also called as LPG or Autogas) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles and it is increasingly replacing chlorofluorocarbons as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant to reduce the damage and degeneration of the ozone layer. LPG is a clean, convenient energy source, which can be stored as a liquid under moderately high pressure and used as a gas in commercial and residential heating applications. It is a common household fuel used for cooking purpose in India, LPG is rich in its carbon content because of its specific mixing components of predominantly C3 alkane (Propane C3H8) or C4 alkane (Butane C4H10) which provides a better chance of producing strong and good quality nano products like nanotubes, nanotubes nanowires, nanoparticles etc. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are among the amazing objects that science sometimes creates by accident, without meaning to, but that will likely revolutionize the technological landscape of the century ahead. Our society stands to be significantly influenced and shaped by carbon nanotube applications in every aspect, Carbon nanotubes have been synthesized for a long time as products from the action of a catalyst over the gaseous species originating from the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons [1]. Since their discovery by Sumio Ijima [2] several ways of preparing them have been explored. The CNTs have been synthesized by various methods e.g. electric arc discharge, laser evaporation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [3-5]. Though researchers have been successful to synthesize multi-wall nano tubes they can produce only in milligram to gram quantities in a few hours. However as many potential applications [6-7] of CNTs require kilogram to ton quantities. Apisit Songsasen et al [8] have synthesized CNTs by means of catalytic decomposition of LPG on a Zeolite-supporting Nickel catalyst. Qian et al [9] have reported the formation of CNTs by the decomposition of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) containing sulfur in the presence of Fe/Mo/Al2O3 catalyst, Since this contains sulfur of a few to several hundred ppm, which can lead to poisoning the catalyst heavily, few reports currently exist on using LPG or natural gas directly for production of carbon nanomaterials, only Prokudina et al [10] has reported CNT synthesis from LPG by CVD method, but till date no information and literature is reported on direct flame synthesis of CNTs by LPG. The main challenge in this field is to develop methods to produce nanotubes on a large scale and at low cost. As Flame synthesis of nano carbons being a continuous flow method, in which flowing gaseous feedstock mixture could produce CNTs in large quantities it has several advantages like easy scale up, partic le size control, dual role of feed gas which serves both as carbon source and fuel, and in-situ generation of catalyst. Hence it is one of the preferred methods for bulk production of not only CNTs but also other nano particles and nano metal oxides. This method is very useful and is of widespread importance. Many groups have investigated gas-phase continuous-flow production of carbon nanomaterials using other hydrocarbons. These studies typically involve passing a mixture of carbon source gas and organo metallic catalyst precursor molecules through a heated furnace. In this paper we report the direct flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes using LPG and air as our gaseous feedstock in a diffusion type burner without any external use of a catalyst and synthesis at optimum process parameters. 2. Experimental The flame reactor (Fig.1) has been indigenously designed to produce carbon nanotubes at our university. The detailed setup and process instrument and diagram (PID) of the reactor (Fig. 2) has been discussed in detail in our previous work [11]. In general our reactor operates under atmospheric pressure. The measured quantity of the LPG and the oxidant reaches the ignition chamber where the partial combustion process occurs where the CNTs are produced. During the process we have observed the dark orange flame color which is perfectly in a spindle form. Along the entire length of the flame, its temperature was recorded using a K-type thermocouple where this temperature can provide some data regarding the growth of nanotubes. The soot thus produced is captured on a glass fiber filter (Axiva GF/A) with the aid of a vacuum pump and the collected soot is scrapped carefully and weighed and later heat treated and oxidized at 550 OC in the presence of air for 60 minutes to remove any traces of amorphous carbon impurities and then the sample is reweighed in order to estimate the loss of amorphous carbon as an impurity then the samples are later characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD and Raman for their quality. The total amount of thermally oxidized and purified sample from the experiment (for 30 minute run) weighed only 0.8g. 3. Results and Discussion3.1 Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis The samples were analyzed using Phillips XL 30 series Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) from National Center for Compositional Characterization of Materials (NCCCM), Hyderabad. From the Figs (3a 3d) we can see a dense growth of carbon nanotubes at various flow rates with respect to the oxidant to fuel (O/F) ratios between 0.7 1.0 slpm/slpm (standard litre per minute). The average diameter range of the CNTs from the SEM image was found to be around 200 nm -1000 nm and lengths greater than 40 ÃŽ ¼m. 3.2 Transmission Electron Microscope Analysis The TEM (Technai -12, FEI) images (Fig 4a) shows the presence of thickly packed multiwalled CNT with an average diameter of 150 250 nm which is still surrounded by traces of carbonaceous nanoparticle aggregates possibly caused due to the dispersion of the sample in the solvent. This can be assumed that the agglomerated carbon nanoparticles were actually protected by the CNTs during the thermal treatment, as the CNTs might have formed a net like layer covering the nanoparticles and protecting it from the heat and oxidation. Fig 4b shows a thick multi walled CNT around 250 nm in its diameter with lots of traces of agglomerated carbon nanoparticles which can be accounted for the presence of C60 particles which is also in agreement with the XRD analysis in Fig 5. The broken caps of the CNTs also reveal the disorientation and a defective growth of the grapheme layers as seen in the Raman analysis in Fig 6. 3.2 X-ray Diffraction Analysis The XRD (PW1830 Phillips) analysis was carried out using CuKa1 type of radiation with a wavelength (l) of 1.54060 Ã…. XRD (Fig. 5) of nanotubess produced using LPG-air at an O/F ratio of 0.7 slpm/slpm shows a heterogeneous crystallinity in the sample. The raw scan detected three strong peaks. The first peak at 2ÃŽ ¸ angle of 25.77O was found with (110) orientation of atoms along its plane with peak corresponding to graphite with an orthorhombic type of system and an end-centered lattice. The second peak at 2ÃŽ ¸ angle of 43.159O was found with (245) orientation of atoms along its plane with peak corresponding to C60 molecule with a cubic type of system and a primitive lattice. The third peak at 2ÃŽ ¸ angle of 83.475O was found with (112) orientation of atoms along its plane with peak corresponding to graphite with a hexagonal type of system and a primitive type lattice respectively. 3.2 Raman Analysis Raman analysis (Horiba Jobin Yvon T64000, Raman Spectrophotometer) was carried out only on the best sample (Fig.6) which clearly shows the D band G band respectively. The D band (the disorder band is well-known in disordered graphitic materials and located between 1330-1360 cm-1 when it is excited with a visible laser) it is expected to be observed in Multi Walled Nanotubes (MWNT). However when the D band is observed in SWNTs [12], it is assumed to contain defects in the tubes. The G band or (TM- Tangential Mode) [12], corresponds to the stretching mode of the -C-C- bond in the graphite plane [12]. This mode is located near 1580 cm-1. From the figure we can say that the nanotubes are in the slightly disordered graphite phase based on the D band wavelength present at 1349 cm-1. This D band also confirms the presence of amorphous state of carbon in the bulk sample. Based on the G band from the figures, there appears two peaks at 1560 and 1600 cm-1 respectively which proves the presenc e of multi layers of disordered graphene sheets. On analyzing the level of graphitization using the D and G band intensities ratio, we find that the sample is normally well graphitized with small degree of crystallinity and its ID/IG ratio was found to be around 0.939. 4. Conclusions Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a versatile group of applied chemicals with high degree of applications on larger scale in various disciplines. The synthesis, purification and the cost still remains an un-doubted debate around the world hence an economical approach is to be developed in order to produce large amounts of good quality CNTs from an economical and a resourceful fuel. LPG as a general commodity plays a major role since its availability in India is high and it is a very economical source of fuel as well. Here, we were able to successfully synthesize semicrystalline, CNTs from LPG with an average diameter of 100 500 nm using the direct flame synthesis approach. References [1]. Bharat Bhushan, Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, 2004, Chap: 3, pp 39 40. [2]. S. Iijima, Nature 354, (1991), 56. [3]. T.W. Ebbesen and P.M. Ajayan, Nature 358, (1992), 220. [4]. T. Guo, P. Nikolaev, A.G. Rinzler, D. Tomanek, D.T. Colbert and R.E. Smalley, J. Phys. Chem. 99, (1995), 10694. [5]. J. Kong, A. M. Cassell and H.J. Dai, Chem.Phys. Lett. 292, (1998), 567. [6]. Zhou X T, Lai H L, Peng H Y, Au F C K, Liao L S, Wang N, Bello I, Lee C S, Lee S T, Chem Phys Lett 318, (2000), 58 62. [7]. Zhou X T, Wang N, Au F C K, Lai H L, Peng H Y, Bello I, Lee C S, Lee S T, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 286 (2000) 119 -124. [8]. Apisit Songsasen and Paranchai Pairgreethaves, the Kasetsart Journal. (Natural. Sciences) Number 3, 35, (2001), 354 359. [9]. W. Qian, H. Yu, F. Wei, Q. Zhang and W.Wang, Carbon 40, Issue 15, (2002), 2968-2970. [10]. N.A. Prokudina, E.R. Shishchenko, O.S. Joo, D.Y. Kim and S.H. Han, Advanced Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 19, (2000), 1444 1447. [11]. Vivek Dhand, J.S Prasad, M. Venkateswara Rao, K. Naga Mahesh, L. Anupama, V. Himabindu, Anjaneyulu Yerramilli, V.S. Raju, A.A. Sukumar Indian Journal of Engg Mat. Sci, 14, (2007), 240-252. [12]. http://www.jobinyvon.com/usadivisions/Raman/applications/Carbon03.pdf

Essay --

Oil is one of the largest components of the American economy. However through the last thirty years America has had to overcome many obstacles in order to secure a steady flow of oil from foreign countries. Since the early 1970s many political leaders have encouraged drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) to solve America’s problem of securing foreign oil. The people in favor of letting companies drill in the ANWR argue that it would reduce America’s dependence on foreign oil, and not effect the environment. People against oil drilling in the ANWR state that the drilling would do nothing to change America’s dependence on Foreign oil, and will have detrimental effects on one of the world’s largest untouched nature-preserves. In order to secure and stabilize both the Environment and America’s oil supply, America will need to assign a small section of the ANWR for oil drilling, that would not effect the natural ecosystems. One near-sighted proposal to help reduce America’s foreign dependence for oil has been to drill for oil in the ANWR. Currently the United States imports around 60 percent of the oil that its citizens consumes annually and around 20 percent of this oil comes from the Persian Gulf countries, averaging about 2.4 million barrels a day are being imported to the United States (Corsi 11). Each barrel of oil costs around 50$, meaning the United States sends more than 600$ million a day to foreign countries, of which 120$ million goes to the Persian Gulf. Annually the United States spends just under a quarter of a trillion dollars to buy oil. These numbers show that the United States is very dependent on oil from foreign countries, and has had to intervene in foreign entanglements because of it, such a... ...structures (which was not the case in Prudhoe Bay,) there would be other suitable calving areas. The oil fields operated ANWR would also help make the United States less dependent on foreign oil. Although the United States will most likely never be completely independent of oil, the Oil drilled in the ANWR would save the United States millions of dollars a year, from paying foreign countries to sell us oil. If we have a steady domestic oil supply, the United States will not have to focus so much of its attention on foreign issues that are not related to us. Keeping the environment pristine, and having a secure line of oil are big concerns of the United States government. By assigning a small section of the ANWR for oil drilling and setting restrictions on oil infrastructures during calving season would let America succeed in both the economy and the environment.

How is Richard II portrayed in act I? Essay

In Act I of Richard II, Richard is portrayed as powerful, pompous and arrogant, all somewhat contrastingly to his portrayal towards the end of the play. We see even as early as Act I glimpses of Richard’s fatal flaws and the crucial mistakes he makes which determine his dramatic fall. The genre of the play is historic tragedy, so the audience know the main protagonist; in this case Richard; is doomed from the start. So, in Act 1 Shakespeare’s portrayal of him is not only purposeful for his fall, but also hugely ironic, making his descent to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ even more dramatic. Immediately in Act I, Richard’s power and authoritative presence is apparent. The setting in Windsor Castle is a very formal occasion, as Richard gives Bullingbrook and Mowbray a formal hearing. It is really overblown and grandeur setting for the opening scene and so even before any speech, Richard is perceived as being powerful and omnipotent. On stage Richard, is central and stationed upstage to observe the proceedings. When he descends from his raised platform (which was traditional) and walks downstage to stop the proceedings later in the scene, he travels quite a distance on stage, reinforcing his pivotal place on the stage and in the political picture. These proxemics physically symbolise how Richard was the most powerful, which is extremely ironic as at the end of the play the roles are reversed as Bullingbrook defeats Richard. Richard is then the first character to speak, and refers to Bullingbrook and Mowbray by ‘Henry Hereford’ (I/I/3) and ‘Duke of Norfolk’ (I/I/6), making it seem very occasional and formal, so he appears as the voice of authority and as he is the first character to speak, it again re-emphasizes his ascendency. Alongside the first scene being a hugely occasional event, whereby Richards importance and authority is greatly established, is it written in rhyming couplets; likewise the rest of the play. Richard II is the only one of Shakespeare’s plays not written in prose, which gives it a sense of importance and authority. As the title of the play is Richard II, this then dramatizes how much power Richard initially had and so how much was at stake. As king of England in the 14th Century, Richard along with the majority of his people believed in the Divine Right. As we can see by his use of the royal ‘We’(I/I/24) ‘us’(I/I/24) and ‘our’(I/I/84), by this he is referring to himself and God, which shows Richard’s arrogance and audacity, as he refers to himself with a heightened sense of authority. However, as the Act continues we realise that although Richard is King of England so along with the title comes extraordinary wealth and power, Richard is not all that powerful and authoritative. When he uses the metaphor ‘Rage must be withstood/ Give me this gage. Lions make leopards time’ (I/II/173-4) here he is trying to assert his dominance and gain back control over the hearing as Bullingbrook and Mowbray demand a fight. He is reminding them of his pre-eminence, which makes him seem not only egotistical but shows his lack of control especially following Mowbray’s reply; ‘Yea, but not change his spots’ (I/II/175). His undaunted and scintillating response show is lack of true and honest respect for Richard, aside from formalities. It shows Richard’s lack of intrinsic power if a noble can under-mine him, and feels the need to knowing what the consequences may be. Not only is the whole play written in poetic rhyming couplets, but much of Richard’s speech is written very poetically and Shakespeare uses a lot of colourful and figurative language in his speech. By ‘face to face’ ‘brow to brow’ ‘the accuser and the accused’ Richard is repeatedly using mirroring imagery to re-enforce the idea of the ‘standoff’ coming between Bullingbrook and Mowbray, but also signifies the ultimate standoff between himself and Bullingbrook. However, this repetition creates a racy rhythm making him sound arrogant and pompous. From Richards continuous use of dramatic and poetic language, we can see he is not a man of action; a conclusion which is supported as in Act I Scene I he stands away and watches Bullingbrook and Mowbray fight, he is higher than them, symbolically and physically. Also, by him stopping Bullingbrook and Mowbray’s joule ‘Let them lay by their helmets and their spears/ And both return back to their chairs again’ (I/III/119-20) he looks effeminate and weak. Although he has an extraordinary flair for poetry but this appears to be his fatal flaw, he relies on language and words rather than traditional war and action. This is totally contrasting to Bullingbrook’s characterisation in Act I, he is willing to fight Mowbray till death ‘And as I truly fight, defend me heaven’ (I/III/41), he is a man of action and it is this which ultimately leads to Richard’s fall and defeat. However, this is somewhat ironic as his failing is words, but Shakespeare himself is a man of words and beautifully poetic language, which makes his failing and collapse even more dramatic as it is totally un-expected for his audience. As well as seeing Richard’s dependence on words and poetry we also are also introduced to another of Richards fatal mistakes. In Act 1 Scene 4 we see Richard in a completely new light, when Bushy informs him of Gaunt’s deteriorating health and the fact he is close to death, instead of feeling grief or any malice or despondency his first thought is of his inheritance. His response is cruel and heartless, only focusing on his financial gains from Gaunt’s death, ‘The lining of his coffers shall make coats/ To deck our soldiers for these Irish wars. ’ Gaunt’s inheritance is right-fully his son’s, Bullingbrook, so by taking it Richard is giving Bullingbrook a reason to avenge and try to destroy him. Not only does this make Richard seem brutal and callous, but also narcissistic and gallant as he does not even consider Bullingbrook’s reaction. As Richard believes he is God’s representative on earth, he sees himself as ‘untouchable’ impenetrable, so Bullingbrook’s anger does not matter as he cannot defeat him as he is protected by God- an idea certain to make Richard fall, and clearly apparent to the audience. Overall, Richard’s portrayal changes throughout Act I as his flaws and cracks begin to show. He is shown to be authoritative and powerful initially but we then see him to not be as powerful as he believes himself to be. However, there is no doubt that he is egocentric and contemptuous, apparent through his exaggerated self-opinion.

Analysis Of George Orwells The Green Arrow

The person I chose for this paper is Oliver Queen. He is also known as Green Arrow, and is a character in the DC Comics franchise. Oliver’s alter-ego, Green Arrow, rose to popularity recently with the television show Arrow that premiered on television in 2012. I chose Oliver because he is a fascinating character, and is much more than the millionaire playboy that people only know him as in his universe. Oliver is smart, caring, and has suffered a lot in his life. Based on the diagnosis standards of the DSM-5, my primary diagnosis for Oliver would be posttraumatic stress disorder, with a secondary diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Oliver has a lot to discover about his past and hopefully this will give insight to his character.†¦show more content†¦(â€Å"Lone Gunmen†, 2012) Symptoms Among the symptoms in the DSM-5 for posttraumatic stress disorder, Oliver displays most (if not) all of them. He frequently has flashbacks to his time on the island, which show him in a various situation that is traumatic in nature. Oliver also consistently has nightmares, this symptom being defined by the American Psychological Association (2014) as: â€Å"Recurrent distressing dreams in which the content and/or effect of the dream are related to the traumatic event(s).† Oliver has other characteristics that would support this hypothesis. He tends to avoid any topics that would be discussing his time on Lian Yu, or anything else that would remind him of the traumatic events that have occurred in his life. This would be explained as avoidance or attempting to avoid activities, places, or anything else that reminded one of their trauma (American Psychological Association, 2014). Once returning from the island, Oliver becomes withdrawn from his family and friends and does not se em eager to be around people, displaying the symptom of â€Å"socially withdrawn behavior†. (American Psychological Association, 2014). Oliver’s responses to his trauma have been showing themselves since the first episode, titled â€Å"Pilot† (2012). In this episode, he experiences a nightmare and almost kills his mother when she tries

Anne Truitt, Sculptor of Minimalist Form and Color

Anne Truitt was an American artist and writer, known for her work as a minimalist sculptor and, to a lesser extent, painter. She is perhaps most widely regarded for Daybook, a volume of the artist’s diaries, reflecting on the life of an artist and mother. Fast Facts: Anne Truitt Occupation: Artist and writerBorn: March 16, 1921 in Baltimore, MarylandDied: December 23, 2004 in Washington, DC, USAKey Accomplishments: Early contributions to minimalist sculpture and the publication of Daybook, which reflected on her life as both artist and mother Early Life Anne Truitt was born Anne Dean in Baltimore in 1921 and grew up in the town of Easton, on the Eastern shore of Maryland. The stark coastal style—rectangles of colored doors against white clapboard facades—influenced her later work as a minimalist. Her family life was comfortable, as her parents were well-to-do (her mother came from a family of Boston ship owners). She lived happily and freely as a child, though she was not unaffected by the poverty of which she caught glimpses in her town. Later in life, she would inherit a modest sum of money from her family, which financed her art practice—though not so much as to keep finances from being a constant worry for the artist. Truitt’s mother, to whom she was very close, died while Truitt was still in her twenties. Her father suffered from alcoholism, and though she pitied him, she wrote that she â€Å"decided† to love him despite his faults. This strength of will is characteristic of the artist and is seen in her staunch determination to continue in her work, even at times when her money dwindled and her pieces did not sell. After her first year at Bryn Mawr College, Truitt came down with a case of appendicitis, which her doctors handled poorly. The result, Truitt was told, was infertility. Though this prognosis ultimately proved to be false, and Truitt was able to have three children later in life, she attributes her career as an artist to this temporary sterility, largely because her focus was on her art at the time in her life when most women were expected to raise children. Early Career in Medicine After returning to Bryn Mawr to finish her undergraduate degree, Truitt decided to begin a career in psychiatric medicine. She felt a duty to help those who struggled in their lives. Though she was admitted to Yale to begin a Master’s in psychology, she turned down her scholarship and instead began work as a researcher at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Already successful by the age of twenty-four, Truitt had a revelation one afternoon and immediately quit her position. She turned her back on a career in medicine, recounting later that something within her knew she had to be an artist. An Artist's Calling Anne married James Truitt, a journalist, in 1948. The two traveled often, following James work. While living in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Truitt began to take art classes, and excelled in sculpture. When the couple moved to Washington, D.C., Truitt continued her art practice by enrolling in classes at the Institute of Contemporary Art. On a trip to New York in 1961 with her good friend Mary Meyer, Truitt visited the â€Å"American Abstractionists and Imagists† show at the Guggenheim. The experience would ultimately change her career. As she was rounding one of the museum’s famed curved ramps, she came upon a Barnett Newman â€Å"zip† painting and was stunned by its size. â€Å"I had never realized you could do that in art. Have enough space. Enough color, she later wrote. The visit to New York marked a change in her practice, as she transitioned into sculpture which relied on pared-down painted wooden surfaces to convey their subtle impact. The family moved to Japan in 1964, where they stayed for 3 years. Truitt never felt comfortable in Japan, and ended up destroying all her work from this period. Anne Truitts column sculptures.   annetruitt.org The Truitts divorced in 1969. After the divorce, Truitt lived in Washington, D.C. for the remainder of her life. Her separation from the art world of New York perhaps accounts for her lack of critical acclaim compared to her minimalist contemporaries, but that is not to say she existed outside of New York completely. She befriended artist Kenneth Noland and later took over his studio near Dupont Circle when he moved to New York. Through Noland, Truitt was introduced to Andrà © Emmerich, Noland’s New York gallerist, who eventually became Truitt’s gallerist. Work Truitt is known for her stark minimalist sculptures set directly on the floor of the gallery space, which mimic in verticality and proportion the shape of a human body. Unlike many of her fellow minimalist artists like Walter de Maria and Robert Morris, she did not shy away from color, but in fact made it the central point of interest in her work. The subtlety of color is applied precisely to the sculptures, often painstakingly and in as many as forty layers. Truitt was also notable in her studio practice, as she sanded, prepped, and painted each of her works without the help of a studio assistant. The structures themselves she sent out to a lumber yard close to her home to be made to her specifications. Daybook and Diaries Following retrospectives at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York in 1973 and the Corcoran Museum of Art in Washington, D.C. in 1974, Truitt began to write a diary, seeking to make sense of the increased publicity her previously quietly shown art began to receive. How was she to understand herself as an artist now that her work was consumed and criticized by so many eyes other than her own? The result was Daybook, later published in 1982, which begins as an exploration of this newfound critical regard for her work, but ends up being an exploration of an artist’s day-to-day, as she struggles to find the money to continue her practice, all the while supporting her children. Due to Daybook’s critical success, Truitt would publish two more volumes of diaries. The language of the diaries is often poetic with frequent forays into Truitt’s past. Though she gave up a career in psychology, it is clearly still present in her thinking, as her analysis of her life and career relies heavily on the interpretation of her psychological motivations and the impact of her youth on her personality. Legacy Anne Truitt died in Washington, D.C. in 2004 at the age of 83. She was honored posthumously by the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington in 2009 with a major retrospective. Her estate is managed by her daughter Alexandra Truitt, and her work is represented by Matthew Marks Gallery in New York City. Sources Munro, E. (2000). Originals: American Women Artists. New York: Da Capo Press.Truitt, A. (1982). Daybook. New York, Scribner.

DBQ American Pageant #3 Essays - 652 Words

August 13th, 2013 A.P. U.S. History DBQ The American Revolution By the 1750s, the American colonies had come a long way from their original struggles and failures. They had grown in both population and economic stability. Even so, relations between the colonies and Great Britain were strained. The colonists became more and more discontented with England’s control of their political and economic affairs. The colonies were dissatisfied with the rules of British Mercantilism, or the idea that the colonies were a mere source of raw materials and market for the British mainland. This animosity for the motherland had then been seeded by the lack of economic freedom and the harsh taxes that had been set on everyday luxuries and necessities;†¦show more content†¦The colonies, however risked being punished for the â€Å"contraband trade† due to its desire for rare specie1 . The colonists edged closer and closer to a turning point. Several colonists still insisted on finding a peaceful resolution and remaining under Great Britain’s control. The majority, however were dissatisfied with Britain’s abusive treatment of colonists. Colonists demanded the same rights that all British-born persons were entitled to by the common law of England. . Tensions between Parliament and the colonies reached a point of no return. Great Britain sought out to stop all rebellion attempts from the colonies by mobilizing its troops. In response, colonists formed militias to protect colonists’ rights. As independence and the forming of a new, separate nation were imminent, Great Britain performed its utmost to keep the colonies under control whereas colonists were prepared to do whatever it took, including violence, to get the freedom they so wanted. . Great Britain greatly benefitted from the taxes it enforced on goods in the colonies. It saw these colonies as a source of revenue; that is why it attempted so hard to keep it under its jurisdiction and control. By prohibiting all other trade with foreign countries and restricting the import of goods, Great Britain ensured that it would make maximum profit out of its North American colonies. The conflicts began in the economic

Evaluation of the Issues Related to Negotiation and Bargain at Workpla

Question: Evaluate the issues related to negotiation and bargain at workplace. Answer: Introduction Bargaining and negotiation has become one of the popular concepts in the context of industrial structure around the world. But in this context it has been prominently emerged that along with the term bargaining and negotiation there lies some issues that are being encircled within the organizational culture (Bendersky, 2015). This study intends to critically evaluate and discuss the reasons behind negotiation and bargain at work place along with its impacts on the HR management and employee relation in the context of the given report. Here, in this study the facts related to the significance and exhibition of negotiation at work place has also been critically evaluated. The researcher has also discussed the relevant solution to such issues along with new way of implementing such way outs (Timo, 2005). Hence, some recommendations have been provided in order to deal with the emerging issues that generate large practices of negotiation and bargaining at work places with special referenc e to Australian domain. Evaluation of the issues related to negotiation and bargain The concept of collective bargaining can be defined in terms of a process in which two parties at a workplace forms a contract that represents a specific relationship between the employer-employee and the union. In other sense the concept of negotiation can be seen as a contract that allows the employer and employee to set deals regarding salary, working hours and working conditions. But these kinds of contracts can generate issues that create the situation in which, negotiation or bargaining can take a diverse form. In the context of the given report it has been observed that the issue that has generated the scope for negotiation and bargain in the workplace for the public sector employees against the unacceptable working condition that are being controlled by the government of Australia (Fairwork.gov.au. 2016). The reason behind the emergence of negotiation can be detected through the increased possibilities of unhealthy working circumstances instead of low pay grade. As a result t he workers tend to go on industrial strike demanding to increase the amount of weekly pay. But on the other hand the significance of such contracts can be realised as it allows both the workers union and the business entities to set conditions on the payment scales and other development regarding the workplace environment. According to the research results of ACTU and CPSU the current remuneration that the workers in Australia are receiving is not enough to satisfy the need, instead of that the government should increase the amount of payment as per hour and per4 week. The main cause that these issues have arisen is the unacceptable working condition in the public sectors of the worker and the discontent acceptance of the low pay grade (Silva, 2001). The concept of negotiation or forming organizational contract have exercised great impacts at the workplace environment as workers are getting influenced and the rage against government are about to burst out as it has been nurtured among the unsatisfied worker for a long time. Hence the impacts of bargaining or negotiation ca n be noticed on the management of employee relation as workplace issues have been one of the most popular debates in Australia. To conclude this point and to assert the implication of ER management it can be depicted that by forming such contracts organizations or the government can restore the lost faith of the workers generating fruitful bargaining in relation to employee relation management (Farmakis-gamboni and Prentice, 2011). Recommendations regarding the issues The issues that have been identified in this particular study demand few recommendations in order to be able to face such situation with sheer efficiency. In relation to generate negotiation and bargain it can be said that there are many ways in which the government can handle such issues with workers in Australia. The suggestion has been made from an industrial perspective that what should be done in the context of dealing with such issues. The reason that gave birth to the issues related is the unethical working environment in the public sectors and the government are delaying in concentrating on the payrolls of the workers. Here the from a macro perspective it can be realised that the present working conditions in relation to engagement of individuals in jobs are poor in Australia (Goldberg, 2015). In such cases the government should be aware of the fact that the wage in current payment level would not pose any threat to youth employment. In this regard the good faith in negotiation can appear as beneficial in relation to employee relationship management. In order to deal with such issues in the organizations the authority could use the benefits of good faith negotiation that allows the employers and employee to focus on the facts related to service delivery, client satisfaction and increased production target and reduction of material waste which could only be possible by effective practices of negotiation between two parties in the industrial structure (Montagne, 2002). From another point of view it can be said that the employees must possess recorded inflation as according to the report most of the public sector employees are not registered in terms if increased inflation in the payrolls. Hence, it can be suggested that effective negotiation can be generated in order to redu ce the possibilities of employee strike and new schemes related to the enhancement of weekly payment should be introduced in the public sectors (Macdonald, 2000). Conclusion To conclude this study it can be asserted that while workplace changes were taking its place in the industrial scenario in Australia, the employee relationship has encouraged the individualised forms of employment relation. Thus, the impacts of negotiation or bargain in respect of employee relation have emerged with all its potentialities in this context. There have many issues related to the implementation of negotiation as it has been considered as a form of contract between the workers and the employers. But in this regard recommendations have been made in order to make this report valid for the future researches. Therefore, changes and innovation at the workplace will need in future a similar strong contract based agreement that will interest both the parties to invest their talent for the sake of organizational success. References Bendersky, C. (2015). Appreciation for the Interdependent Elements ofA Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiationsin the Workplace Context.Negotiation Journal, 31(4), pp.429-430. Fairwork.gov.au. (2016).Improving workplace productivity through bargaining - Best practice guides - Fair Work Ombudsman. FARMAKIS-GAMBONI, S. and PRENTICE, D. (2011). When Does Reducing Union Bargaining Power Increase Productivity? Evidence from the Workplace Relations Act*.Economic Record, 87(279), pp.603-616. Goldberg, S. (2015). Mediation in the Workplace: An Alternate Route to Attitudinal Restructuring of the Union-Management Relationship.Negotiation Journal, 31(4), pp.415-417. Macdonald, D. (2000). INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND GLOBALIZATION: CHALLENGES FOR EMPLOYERS AND THEIR ORGANIZATIONS.INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION ACT/EMP PUBLICATIONS. Montagne, C. (2002). Bargaining Health Benefits in the Workplace: An Inside View.Milbank Quarterly, 80(3), pp.547-567. Silva, S. (2001). COLLECTIVE BARGAINING NEGOTIATIONS.INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION ACT/EMP PUBLICATIONS. Timo, N. (2005). Future directions for workplace bargaining and aged care under a post 2005Howard government.Aust. Health Review, 29(3), p.274.